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Liang Kai was a Chinese painter of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was also known as 'Madman Liang'. He was born in Shandong and worked in Lin An (later Hangzhou). He is known to have studied with the master Jia Shigu.<br/><br/> The painting is marked with the <i>zakkeshitsu-in</i> seal found on Chinese paintings imported to Japan by the Ashikaga (also called Muromachi) Shogunate.
In Taoism, a <i>xian</i> is used to describe an enlightened person, almost always immortals. They have, through self-reflection and devotion, reached a state in Taoism where they have attained spiritual and physical immortality, usually also involving methods such as alchemy, breath meditation, <i>qigong</i> and <i>tai chi</i>.<br/><br/><i>Xian</i> are often described as superhuman and with a variety of magical and supernatural abilities, such as immunity to heat and cold, flight, and superhuman speeds. Some can survive on just air and dew, or can use their magic to bring death or grant life.